۱۰۸ ( Mowlana Bibliography

Conference Papers ( 107

Conference Papers

Professor Mowlana has presented numerous papers at international conferences over the last several decades. Here are examples of some of these presentations.

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Mowlana, Hamid, Keynote Speech, “On Human Communication”, International Media Festival, University of Central Punjab, Lahore,Pakistan, 28-30,June 2018.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Cultural Demenstions of Macbride Report: 35 Years Later”, International Association for Media & Communication Reasearch Confrence (IAMCR), Montreal, Canada, June, 2015.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Last Half-a-Century and the Next”, Speech delivered at the Alumni dinner honoring Professor Hamid Mowlana, School of International Service, American University, Washington, D.C., November 8, 2005.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Motahari and the Philosophy of Islamic Communications”, World Conference on Motahari’s Thoughts: Abstract, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, Department of Radio Research and Development, Tehran, Iran, April 2004, p.63.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Towards the Unity of Islamic Ummah”, International Conference on Islam and Globalization, Tehran, May 17-19, 2003

Mowlana, Hamid. “Old Territories and New Frontiers: International Relations and International Communication”, A Global Symposium on International Communication, 35th Anniversary of International Communication Program, School of International Service, American University, Washington, D.C., October 27, 2003.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Globalization and Its Cultural Consequences”, Organization of Islamic Culture and Communication, Tehran, March 9, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “Peaceful Transformations of Complex Conflict”, (with Professor Johan Galtung), Manassas, VA, I November 23-24, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “Understanding America: U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security”, Cultural Foundations for Western Studies and Research, Tehran, July 29-30, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “History and Development of International Communication”, acceptance speech for the International Studies Associations Senior Distinguished Scholar Award, ISA Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “Islamic Studies in the United States”, acceptance speech for the First Prize Award of the World Congress on Imam Ali: Justice, Unity and Security, Tehran, March 7, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “Globalization and Islamic World”, Faizyeh College, Qum, March 11, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Palestinian Intifada and Its Images in the Media”, International Conference of Islamic Communication Media, Tehran, January 29-30, 2002

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Role of International Communication in the Current Conflict”, International Education Week, American University, November 12-16, 2001, Washington, DC

Mowlana, Hamid. “Social Justice from Imam Ali (a)’s Perspective”, International Congress on Imam Ali (a), Tehran, Iran, March 2-5, 2001

Mowlana, Hamid. “A Tribute Herbert I. Schiller”, General Assembly and the Scientific Conference of the International Association for Media and Communication Research, Singapore, July 15-21, 2000; also chaired the panel on "New Media in Islamic Societies."

Mowlana, Hamid. “The End of Diversity: Communication, Globalization, and Culture”, First International Conference on Communication and Reality: Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Social Reality, Ramon Lull University, Barcelona, Spain, May 18-20, 2000

Mowlana, Hamid. “Cultural Globalization and Information Flow: Challenges and Opportunities”, International Conference on Technology and Human Rights and Duties in the New Millennium, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, April 1-5, 2000; Also chaired the workshop on “Access to Accurate information: Rights _ and/or Duties.”

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Life and Scholarship of Herbert I. Schiller”, A Tribute Herbert I. Schiller: A Round Table, American University, Washington, DC, April 2000

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication Media in the Americas”, Inter-American Defense College, Washington DC, March 29, 2000

Mowlana, Hamid. “Islamic Media”, World Congress And The Scientific Conference Of IAMCR, Singapore, July 2000.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The End of Diversity? Communication, Globalization, and Culture”, First International Conference on Communication and Reality, The Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Social Realities., Barcelona, 18-20 May 2000.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Islamic Revolution: the First Twenty Years”, University of Manchester, College of Technology and Science, February 12, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Impact of the Islamic Revolution on the Late 20th Century Social and Political Movements”, Islamic Centre England, London, February 11, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Discussant, International Communication and International Relations: Theories and Methodologies, special panel of the International Studies”, Association’s Annual Conference, Washington, DC, February 17, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Beyond the Nation-State: Islamic Revolution and the Revival of Islamic Identity”, The International Congress of Elucidation of the Islamic Revolution, Tehran, Iran, October 2-4 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Business: Its Linkages to International Communication and International Relations”, Walker Institute of International Studies Colloquium and the School of Business Forum, University of South Carolina, Colombia, South Carolina, September 22, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Media, Islam, and Culture”, Media, Religion, and Culture Conference, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, July 20, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Transformation of Media Systems: The Right to Communicate and the Perspectives of the Global Information Society”, Key Note Address as the Opening Session of the International Association for Media and Communication Research Conference, Leipzig, Germany, July 27-31, 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Press Laws and Regulations: A Comparative Study”, Center of Research, Islamic Consolidated Assembly (Iranian Parliament), May 3 1999

Mowlana, Hamid. “Media, Islam, and Culture”, The Third International Conference on Media, Religion and Culture, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, 20-23, July, 1999.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication Media and the Arab World”, key note paper for the conference on Media and Arab Identity, Center for Arab Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. November 19, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “Covering Islam: Media and It’s Impact on Muslim Identity in the 21st Century: Challenges of Modernity”, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, October 31-November 1,1998

The crisis of Muslim identity has been influenced by the two forces of modern media and information technologies. On the national level the media, as a pillar of secular force has often reinforced a notion of the modern nation state system with all its political, economic, and cultural ramifications contributing to the rise of a national identity. On the international level, in particular since World War II, the mainstream media of the world has portrayed Islam and the Muslim world often in negative and misleading terms thus contribution to the erosion of an Islamic identity. Therefore contradictory images of national, ethnic, racial and sectarian identities portrayed in the media not only have been the major obstacles to the formation of a cohesive Islamic identity both on national and regional levels, but also have a deteriorating impact in the mobilization and assimilation of the population in the developmental process.

Mowlana, Hamid. “IAMCR: 1994-1998, Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities”, President’s report and address to the 21st general Assembly and Scientific Conference, International Association for Media and Communication Research, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, July 29, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication as a Field of Study and Research”, ۲۱st General Scientific Conference of the International Association for Media and Communication Research, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, July 28, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “On the Common Sense of Communication and the Communication of Common Sense”, key note paper, 21 st` Scientific Conference and General Assembly of the International Association for Media and Communication Research, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, July 26, 1998.

A philosophical discussion on human communication and a key note paper delivered at the 21st scientific conference and general assembly of the international association for media and communication research (IAMCR), as professor mowlana's presidential address, University of Strathclyde, glascow, Scotland, July 26, 1998.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Professional Ethics and Socio-political Education of Muslim Journalists: An Investigation into the ‘ Connection Between Ethics and Islamic Tradition”, ۲۱st Scientific Conference and General Assembly of the International Association for Media and Communication Research, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland July 28, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication: A Field in Search of Itself”, key-note paper at the World Conference on International Communication and the Annual Conference of the Canadian Communication Association, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, May 26-June 1, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication , Education, and Globalization: An Islamic Perspective”, The Second Meeting of the General Assembly of Ahl Al-Bayt (A.S), World Assembly, Tehran, Iran, February 3-8, 1998

Mowlana, Hamid. “On the Common Sense of Communication and the Communication of Common Sense”, Presidential Address, 21st General Assembly and Scientific Conference of IAMCR, Glasgow, Scotland, July 26, 1998.

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Program”, Statement at the opening of the 30th Anniversary of the International Communication Program, School of International Service, American University, Washington D.C., March 25, 1998.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Beyond the Nation-State: Imam Khomeini and the Revival of Islamic Identity”, The International Congress on Imam Khomeini and the Revival of Religious Thought, Tehran, June 1-3, 1997

Why does the world seem to be fragmenting, a process too often characterized by disintegration, violence, and such phrases as nationalism, ethnicity, and tribalism? Witness the collapse of the Soviet system, the turmoil in the former Yugoslavia, the continuing violence in the Middle East and Africa, and the rise of xenophobic aggression in Europe. One reason given is that the role of the nation-state is changing with the shifting world economy. The argument is that the nation-state system, which for years gave a sense of bindings and belonging to people, is no longer the guarantor of social peace and protector of the national economy. More specifically and according to this school of thought, the erosion of national sovereignty is due to the fact that the modern world system of consumer capitalism under the sponsorship of transnational.

Mowlana, Hamid. “UNESCO’s Communication Programme: The Need for Research”, UNESCO General Conference, Paris, November 1997.

Mowlana, Hamid. “UNESCO and Communication: Past Achievements and Future Challenges”, Twentieth Scientific Conference for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR), Sydney, Australia, August 18-22, 1996

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Development: Theoretical and Methodological Problems and Prospects”, International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Consortium of Universities in Montreal, Canada, November 22, 1994

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Networks and the Socio-Cultural Change”, International Conference for a New Europe: Information Policy as Cultural Policy- Cultural, Economic and Societal Aspects, Bonn, Germany, October 17-23, 1992

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication as Cultural Ecology: A New Approach to the Study of International Flow of Information”, University Forum, Helsinki, Finland, July 7, 1992

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication Ecology and the Changing International Order”, International Conference on Changing International Order in North-East Asia and the Communication Policies, Seoul, Korea, April 6-9, 1992

A question at the nexus of communication policies and the changing international order for the 1990s and 21st century is how world developments are altering the North-East Asia axis. Four major factors are at the center of these developments:

· The unpredictable developments over the last several years in global politics and economics now require a higher degree of integrative analysis, complex categories, and definitions of regions than possible under the simplistic, traditional notions of Third World or North-South relations.

· International communication. has become a pivotal and essential part in the conceptualization of this phenomenon and in the facilitation of understanding what is happening in the world.

· Homogenization, domination, and diversification are at work in the international system requiring models and policies responsive to a renewed sense of, what I have termed, “cultural ecology”.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Emerging World Order: For Whom and For What‘?”, Plenary Session of the United Nations Annual Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, “Peace, Justice, and Development: Ingredients for an Emerging World Order”, United Nations, New York, New York, September 13, 1991

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Flow of Japanese Television Programs: The “Oshin” Phenomenon”, Fourth International _ Television Studies Conference, United Kingdom, July 24-26, 1991

Mowlana, Hamid. “New World Information and Communication Order Since Prague: Overview of Developments and Activities”, (with Colleen Roach), The Third MacBride Round Table on Communications, Istanbul, Turkey, June 21, 1991

Mowlana, Hamid. “Power Of International Media”, Peace, Justice and Development: Ingredients for An Emerging World Order, Annual Conference Of The Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations, 11-13 September 1991.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Civil Society, Information Society, and Islamic Society: A Comparative Perspective”, Fourth International Colloquium on Communication and Culture, Ljubljana- Bled, Yugoslavia, August 24-25, 1990

Mowlana, Hamid. “Beyond International Rationality: the global field of television”, international video and television” festival, Montbeliard, France, June 13-17, 1990.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Geopolitics of Communication and Strategic Aspect of the Persian Gulf”, International Conference on the Persian Gulf, Tehran, Iran, November 20-23, 1989

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Emerging New Global Information and Communication Order and the Question of Cultural Ecology”, MacBride Round Table, Harare, Zimbabwe, October 27-30, 1989

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Broadcasting in Contemporary International Relations”, International Cultural Exchange _ Symposium”, Between Understanding and Misunderstanding: Problems of and Prospect for U.S.-Japan Cultural Exchange” Research Institute of Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan, June 12-13, 1989

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Cultural Settings: An Islamic Perspective”, Institute for Communication Research at Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, June 15, 1989

In this chapter, Hamid Mowlana elucidates four cardinal concepts of the Islamic worldview that may serve as the fundamental principles of ethical communication in Muslim societies: (1) tawhid (unity, coherence, and harmony of all in the universe), (2) amr bi al-ma’ruf wa nahy’an al munkar (commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong), (3) ummah (community), and (4) taqwa (piety). It is his thesis that, in contrast to the ethical foundation of the modern West with its emphasis on the secular, ethics in the Islamic world are predicated on the inseparability of the religious and the social. Throughout Islamic history, he asseverates, information has been not a…

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Cultural Settings: An Islamic Perspective”, International Communication Association, San Francisco, California, May 25-29, 1989

Mowlana, Hamid. “Towards A Theory of Communication and Ethics”, ۷th Islamic Thought Conference, Tehran, Iran, January 29-31, 1989

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication Culture and Development: Plans for Action”, Annual Conference of International Institute of Communications, September 11-16 1988.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Space Technology and Its Applications in Social, Educational, and Economic Development”, International Communications Technologies, Alger, Algeria, November 14-17, 1987

Mowlana, Hamid. “Knowledge, Perception, and Utilization of the UNESCO Mass Media Declaration among Media Professionals”, International Symposium on the Mass Media Declaration of UNESCO, Tampere, Finland, June 26-28, 1987

Mowlana, Hamid. “The new international information and communication order”, international vedeo and television festival montbeliard, France, May 5-11, 1986.

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Tourism: A Study in Cross-Cultural Interaction”, (with Laurie J. Wilson) 35th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 23-27, 1985

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Flow of Information: A Global Report and Analysis”, XIVth Conference and General Assembly of International Association for Mass Communication Research, Prague, Czechoslovakia, August 27th -September1st 1984

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Impact of Communication Technology on the International System”, UNESCO Seminar on the Impact of Communication Technologies on National Culture, Istanbul, Turkey, September 26-28, 1983

Mowlana, Hamid. “The News Media in National and International Conflict: The U.S.-Iranian Relations”, Keynote speech delivered at the meeting of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York City, November 15, 1983.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Reactions to the MacBride Report and Recommendations for Policy and Research”, UNESCO/ IAMCR Consultation Conference, Leicester, England, July 18-22, 1982

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Iranian Revolution: A Study in Literature and Cultural Imperialism”, Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Acapulco, Mexico, May 20, 1980

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication in Political Crisis: The International Significance of the Iran Coverage”, World Communication: Decisions for the Eighties, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

May12-14, 1980

Mowlana, Hamid. “U.S.-Iranian Relations, 1954-1978: A Case of Cultural Domination”, Middle East Association Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, November 8, 1979

Mowlana, Hamid. “Regional and International Implications of the Iranian Revolution”, Third World Conference, Omaha, Nebraska, October 26, 1979

Mowlana, Hamid. “Democracy and Revolution in Iranian Perspectives”, (with Lorand B. Szalay), Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Washington DC, May 24-26, 1979

Mowlana, Hamid. “Political and Social Implications of Communications Satellite Applications in Developed and Developing Countries”, ۱۰ th General Assembly and Scientific Conference of the International Association for Mass Communication Research, University of Leicester, England, August 30-September 4, 1976

Mowlana, Hamid. “Iran’s Perceptions of Western Europe: A Study in National and Foreign Policy Articulation”, Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Canada, February 28, 1976

Acts of public communication cannot be isolated from other features of a political process. In fact, a study of public policy articulation can provide a valuable framework of national perceptions, demands and expectations through which a nation's evolving position in the international system may be analyzed. Iran offers a valuable opportunity in this regard because its policy articulation occurs through a limited number of communication channels‐one of which is the newspaper Keyhan. Keyhan has been chosen because of its clear capacity to reflect accurately the perceptions of Iran's political elite in regard to general national development and foreign policy objectives. This paper will concentrate on two reference periods‐one pre‐۱۹۷۳ and one post‐to analyze in terms of selected variables, Iran's evolving elite perceptions of its traditional relationship to Western Europe. Editorials and policy statements have been keyed to selected variables representing various channels of Iran's perceptions and then analyzed to chart shifting policy priorities among Iranian elites. The results indicate a radically altered self‐perception of both national development objectives and Iran's self‐perceived role in global power relationships.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Human Resources for The Information Age”, America in the Information Age Conference Organized by the Library of Congress and American Society for Information Science, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington D.C. (Recognized by American Revolution Bicentennial Administration), April 12,14, 1976.

Mowlana, Hamid. “International News Communicators: A Cross-Cultural Analysis”, Mass Communications Conference sponsored by the International Communication Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and the department of Communication, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico, March 11-15, 1 974

Mowlana, Hamid. Thomas Jefferson Lectures, “International and Intercultural Communication”, delivered at the University of Virginia, September 26, and 27, 1974.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Media and Events Data Research: Validity of the Typology of Events”, Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New York, New York, March 13-17, 1973

Mowlana, Hamid. “Trends in Research on International Communication: 1950—۱۹۷۰”, World Congress of the International Association for Mass Communication Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 1972

Mowlana, Hamid. “Research on International Communication: Notes on the Sociology of Knowledge, 1950-1970”, Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Dallas, Texas, March 14-18, 1972

Mowlana, Hamid. “La Diffusion de la Innocavion”, Facultad de ciencials catolica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina September 1971.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Toward A Theory of Communication Systems: A Developmental Approach”, International Communication Division of the Association for Education in Journalism at the National Convention, Washington D.C., August 16-20, 1970

The world's desperate communications needs, first for literacy and education but also for meaningful information, are deeply depen dent on and influenced by the communication structure and system that operate in the United States. American power, expressed in dustrially, militarily and culturally, has become the most potent force on earth. Its impact transcends all national boundaries. Directly by economic control, indirectly by trade and a foreign emulation effect, communications have become a decisive element in the extension of United States world power.

Mowlana, Hamid (with Robert Holz), “Racial Recognizability of Verbal Communication and School Integration: A Study in Differential Perception”, Fifty-third Annual Convention of the Association for Education in journalism and Mass Communication, American University of Washington, D. C., August 26-20, 1970.

Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication: A Probe into Methods and Approaches”, National Conference on the Teaching of International Communication, Racine, Wisconsin, March 27-30, 1969

Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Media Systems and Communication Behavior in the Middle East”, Fifty-second Annual Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism, University of California, Berkeley, California, August 24-27, 1969.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Communications Media in Africa: A Critique in Retrospect and Prospect”, Twentieth Anniversary Conference of the Program of African Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, September 12, 1968

Mowlana, Hamid. “Some Variables Interacting with media Exposure Among Foreign Students”, International Communication Divisions of the Association for education in Journalism in the National Convention, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, August 25-29, 1968

Mowlana, Hamid. “Cross-National Comparison of Economic Journalism: A Study of Mass Media and Economic Development”, International Communications Division of the Association for Education in Journalism at the annual convention, University of Iowa, August, 1966

Newspapers dealing with economic problems were non-existent in Korea 15 years ago, and it was not until 1959 that the first paper devoting most of its space to economic subjects appeared in the country. Today three of the fourteen dailies published in Seoul deal strictly with economic matters. In India the number of specialized and business journals almost doubled during the past decade. The 294 commerce and industry and 38 financial papers form the largest category among specialized publications. In Thailand, where newspapers do not give much space to business and finance, the government has been the first to publish as daily paper dealing with economic problems. As the developing countries move from a traditional economy toward a modern industrial economy, we see spectacular development in their communication systems. These developments in communications, especially in the mass media, are the results of economic, social, and political evolution which is part of the national growth of the countries.

Mowlana ,Hamid. “The Press in a Mass Society: Competition or Monopoly?”, Three Penny Lecture Series, School of Journalism, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, April 14, 1966.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Role of Journalism in Economic Development”, Seminar of Economic Journalism in Export Promotion. German Foundation for Development, Berlin, Germany, October 21, to 16 November, 1963.

Mowlana, Hamid. “A Study of the Circulation Department of the Elgin Daily Courier News”, Seminar in Journalistic Management, Medill School of Journalism, Evanston, Illinois, February, 1962.

Mowlana, Hamid. “A study of Interest Groups and International Organizations”, International Organizational Behavior Seminar, Department of Political Science Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, March, 1962.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Contemporary History of Iran”, Lecture, University of California, Berkeley, Students Association, November 1, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Place of Modern and Traditional Media of Communication in Iran”, Lecture at a reception honoring Hamid Mowlana in Mrs. Eleanor McClatchy’s home, owner and publisher of Sacramento Bee, California, October 30, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Iran and World Politics”, Speech delivered to a group of journalists and editors in a reception given by Mr. Walter Jones, editor and Mr. Myron V. Deprew, managing editor, The Sacramento Bee, California, October 29, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “On Some Aspects of the Iranian Society”, Lecture, Civitan Club, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, November 18,1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Iran and World Affairs”, Speech given to the United Nations Association, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., November 21, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Education and Family in Iran”, Lecture to Pine Crest High School Students, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, November 24, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Education Across National and International Boundaries”, Washington International Center, Washington D. C, August 30, 1958.

Mowlana, Hamid. “The Importance of Iran: Religion and Culture”, lecture delivered a the University Club New York City, New York. December 9, 1958; and special seminar with a group of editors and journalists (attendants included Harry Thompson, Editor, International Edition of Newsweek; Dick Newcomb, News Editor (on material going outside the United States) of the Associated Press; ad John Marka, Editor of Business and Financial news of the United Press International; and Dr. I.W. Meister of the Department of Middle East Affairs of Socony Mobile Oil Company Inc.

Mowlana, Hamid. “Learning from Each Other”, lecture delivered at the editorial meeting of the Times- Herald, Dallas, Texas, November 9, 1958. (Mr. Felix McKnight, Executive Editor, served as moderator)

Mowlana, Hamid. “Interviews and discussions with editors and writers of the New York Times”, The New York Daily News, The Washington Post, and the Chicago Sun Times, September-December, 1958.