۶۲ ( Mowlana Bibliography
Book Chapters ( 61
Book Chapters
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication as an Academic Field and Discipline: Iran”. In Wolfgang Donbach (Ed), International Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwe, 2012
Abstract: Communication studies in Iran is a hybrid field combining both the western and Islamic traditions. In its Islamic context, it focuses on a process of tabligh or propagation rooted in Islamic theology, philosophy, rhetoric (→ Rhetorical Studies ), poetics, → linguistics , and speech. It deals with the traditional channels of communication peculiar to Islam and especially Iran, such as the mosque, Friday congregations, bazaar, and public gatherings in such places as the husseinieh , hey'at , and doreh . The mosque serves not only for daily prayers but also for spreading news and opinion and as a forum for political decision-making. This form of communication, called khutbah, is largely based on the Islamic tradition of combining political and religious discourse. (→ Communication Modes: Muslim ) Theological schools and colleges, especially in such cities as Qum, Mashad, Isfahan, and Tabriz, have always been the centers of traditional communication studies and education. Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamization of communication studies of all kinds, in both traditional and modern media, has been at the center of the work of Iranian universities and higher education. For example, Imam Sadiq University, established immediately after the revolution, has pioneered both undergraduate and graduate studies in the field of communication and culture, producing a number…
The International Encyclopedia of Communication represents the definitive reference source in this interdisciplinary and dynamic field. This authoritative work is jointly published with the International Communication Association (ICA), the leading academic association of the discipline.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication” in Global and Intercultural Communication , edited by Molefi Asante, Yoshiraka Miike, and Jing Yim, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York, 2008, pp: 283-296
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Role of Media in Contemporary International Relations: Culture and Politics in The Crossroads”, in Communicating Across Culture: Edgar Snow as an Example – – an International Symposium in Commemoration of Edgar Snow's Centenary, School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, Beijing, China July 19, 2005, pp 311-323
Mowlana, Hamid. “Satellites and Global Diversity”, in Joseph N. Pelton, Robert J. Oslund, Peter Marshall, eds., Communications Satellites: Global Change Agents, Lawrence Earlbatum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, N.J. 2004, pp. 299-313
Abstract: Over the past 40 years, satellites have played a key role in creating a global culture, spreading worldwide entertainment, stimulating technological interchange, and promoting trade around the world. Communications Satellites: Global Change Agents addresses communications satellites not only in terms of the technology and the services they provide, but also with consideration of the technology's impact in socio-political, security, economic, policy, news, entertainment, and cultural spheres.
Editors Joseph N. Pelton, Robert J. Oslund, and Peter Marshall bring together contributions that place satellites into a broad context and examine how they influence and define today's world. Written in a non-technical, reader-friendly style, chapters investigate how satellite communications work and explore the role of satellites in such as:
· news and entertainment systems around the world;
· Internet, E-business, and the new global economy;
· global television and radio channels;
· military operations and education, health services, economic development, and electronic immigration.
Communications Satellites: Global Change Agents examines what satellites have been and projects how they will evolve in the future, articulating what they mean to the world today and forecasting what they will mean tomorrow. As the definitive source on communications satellites and their role in today's world, this volume serves as a valuable, unique, and timely resource for scholars and students in telecommunications, communication and technology, mass communication and society, and broadcasting.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Toward the Unity of Islamic Ummah”, in Islam and Globalization, edited by Seyyed Taha Morghati, Taghrib Mazaheb Islami Publications, Tehran, 2003, pp. 308-324.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Foundations of Communication in Islamic Societies”,in Mediating Religion: Conversations in Media, Religion, and Culture, edited by Jolyon Mitchell and Sophia Marriage, T & T Clark: A Continuum Imprint, London, NewYork, 2003, pp.305-315
Abstract: This is the first book to bring together many aspects of the interplay between religion, media and culture from around the world in a single comprehensive study. Leading international scholars provide the most up-to-date findings in their fields, and in a readable and accessible way. Some of the topics covered include religion in the media age, popular broadcasting, communication theology, popular piety, film and religion, myth and ritual in cyberspace, music and religion, communication ethics, and the nature of truth in media saturated cultures. The result is not only a wide-ranging resource for scholars and students, but also a unique introduction to this increasingly important phenomenon of modern life.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Imam Ali and the Dimensions of Social Justice”, in Proceedings of the Congress on Imam Ali: Justice, Unity, and Security, edited by Professor Mehdi Golshani, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran 2002, pp. 107-137.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communicazione Globale Come Ecologica Cultural”, in Claudia Padovani, ed., Communicazi Blobale: Democrazia, Sovranita, Culture, UTET, Librenig Torino, 2001
Mowlana, Hamid. “Ethics and Social-Political Mobilization of Muslim J ournalists”, in Joel Thierstein and Yahya R. Kamalipour, eds., Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective, Praeger, West Port, Connecticut/London, 2000, pp. 123-140.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The End of Diversity”, in Tripodos: The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Social Realities, University of Rawon-Lull Press, Barcelona, Spain, 2000, pp. 171-182
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Renewal of the Global Media Debate: Implications for the Relationship Between the West and the Islamic World”, in Islam and the west in the Mass Media: Fragmented Images in a Globalizing World, edited by Kai Hafez, Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ, 2000, pp 105-118.
Abstract: The recent unrest in a number of Islamic countries-from Turkey to Algeria to Bosnia-involves not only the question of political participation and the distribution of values, but to a great extent also encompasses the questions of access to information and the right to communicate. The dilemmas between secularism, ethnicity, regional stability and democratic participation in the Islamic countries all have their roots in the nature of social communication, with both internal and external dimensions.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Development: Theoretical and Paradigmatic Development”. in Andrew Moemeka, ed. Development Communication in Action: Building Understanding and Creating Participation, University Press of America, Lanaham, NY, 1999, pp. 17-37
Abstract: About three decades ago, a paradigm of causal relationships between communication and development was suggested in the work, among others, of Daniel Lerner (1958), Wilbur Schramm (1964), and Lucian Pye (1963). In the optimism of the development decades, these and other authors believed that the increases in information made possible through broadcasting and print technologies would pull the “developing” countries up to the level of their neighbors to the North. Their theories rested on the hypothesis that individual behavior changes, brought about by the messages of the mass media, and mediated by opinion leaders and literacy, would produce a modem political and economic actor. This actor would plan the right types of seed, use credit efficiently, voice political views and demands through the appropriate channels, and organize the institutions needed to push traditional societies over the threshold of modernity and into the twentieth century.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Forward”, in Islam, Muslims, and Media: Myths and Realities, edited by Mohammed Ahmadullah Siddiqi, NAAMPS Publications, Chicago and London, 1998, pp. v-x
Mowlana, Hamid. “Series Preface”, in Propaganda in the 20th Century: Contributions to its History, edited by Jurgen Wilke, Hampton Press, Inc., Cresskill, N.J., 1998, pp. vii-viii
Abstract: The studies presented in this volume go back to the origins of the 20th century and continue until the present day. They deal with episodes of propaganda in different parts of the world and cover the history of organizations that carried it out, and the analysis of its means and content.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Series Preface”, in The Global Journalist: News People around the World, edited by David H. Weaver, Hampton Press, Inc., Cresskill, N.J., 1998, pp. ix-x.
Abstract: This volume includes reports of systematic surveys of journalists in 21 countries. It takes a global perspective on the demographics, education, socialization, professionalization, and working conditions of journalists in these countries
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Media and Foreign Policy: A Framework of Analysis”, in News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective, Ed., Abbas Malek, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1998, pp. 29- 41
Abstract: As a whole, the literature on the media and foreign policy tends to be both diverse and dispersed. Most of the studies and research in this area conventionally have dealt with the relationship between the communication media and the process of information gathering and retrieval by policy makers. This conceptual chapter looks at the media and foreign policy from the broader theoretical and methodological perspective of the international flow of information, taking into account the complex intermingling and interdependencies of not only the various actors (including journalists, government officials and the public), but also such factors as technological innovations, structural conditions, and perceptual circumstances.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Triumph of the Image and Its Aftermath: The Gulf War As Media Ecology”, in The Information Revolution and the Arab World: Its Impact on State and Society, (The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research), London, 1998, pp.107-119
Abstract: The revolution that is underway in the fields of information and communication technology is impacting on every nation. Until now, however, there has been little attention focused upon the effects of this revolution on the Arab world as a whole–a lack that this book seeks to redress. Leading academics and representatives of government and business have cooperated to produce this multi-layered exploration of the current state of the information and communication revolution and its effect on Arab states and societies. The volume offers a timely and in-depth analysis of a variety of technological themes which are having a profound and enduring political, social and economic effect on nations, corporations and individuals. These themes include global telecommunications trends and policies and their implications for national development; the information superhighway and education, business, the media and finance; cultural imperialism and the widening of the information gap; and the impact of satellite DBS TV on terrestrial television broadcasting in the GCC states.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Development: Methodological and Epistemological Perspectives” in Development Communication edited by A.A. Moemeka, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1998
Mowlana, Hamid. “Islamicizing the Media in the Global Era: The State—Community Perspective of Television in Iran”, in Programming for People: From Cultural Rights to Cultural Responsibilities, Ed. Kevin Robins, Rome and London: European Broadcasting, 1997, pp. 201-214.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Media and Foreign Policy: A Framework of Ana1ysis”, in News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective, Ed., Abbas Malek, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1997, pp. 29- 41.
Abstract: The first section of the book addresses theoretical issues and lays a foundation for analysis of the role of the media in foreign relations. The second part provides empirical studies demonstrating some of these relationships. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Crisis of Political Legitimacy”, in Invisible Crises: What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for America and the World, Eds. George Gerbner, Hamid Mowlana, Herbert I. Schiller, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996, pp. 185-205.
Abstract: Why does the world seem to be fragmenting, a process too often characterized by disintegration, violence, and such phrases as nationalism, ethnicity, tribalism, or fundamentalism? One school of thought holds that the nation-state system, which for years gave people a sense of binding and belonging, is no longer the guarantor of social peace and protector of the national economy. More specifically and according to this school of thought, national sovereignty has eroded because the modern world system of consumer capitalism under the sponsorship of transnational companies has moved beyond the confines of the nation-state in search of an ever-expanding market. Increasingly, national governments are unable to serve as a domestic champion against globalism or globalization. As the nation-state fails to deliver the required sense of security to citizens, a feeling of anchorlessness develops in the individuals, and thus people turn to local identity, shifting their loyalty to their own immediate groups for protection.
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Networks and Socio-Cultural Change”, in Essays on Human Communication, Ed. Zbigniewa Bajki, Krakow, Poland: University of Krakow, 1996, pp. 91-100
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication Media” and “Radio and Television”, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (four volumes), edited by John L. Esposito, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
Abstract: Communication has been an instrumental and integral part of Islam since its inception as a religio-political movement. Over the centuries Islamic culture and civilization have been influential in the development of three major pillars of human communication: first, a high level of oral communication and culture in which information was produced and transmitted from person to person; second, an unprecedented degree of reproduced books an manuscripts marking an intellectual era of rich scientific, literary, artistic, and linguistic interaction in all branches of knowledge; and third, the first attempt in history to bring oral and written cultures into a unified framework, laying the ground for the scientific revolution that followed in Europe.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communications and Development: Everyone’s Problem”, in Media and Sustainable Development, Charles Okigbo, Ed., Nairobi, Kenya: African Council for Communication Education, 1995, pp. 26-55
Abstract: This book is a product of the 9th Biennial Conference of the African Council for Communication Education at Accra, Ghana, October 18-21, 1994. About three decades ago, a paradigm of causal relationships between communications and development was suggested in the work among others of Daniel Lerner (1958), Wilbur Schramm (1964), and Lucian Pye (1963). In the optimism of the development decades, these and other authors believed that the increases in information made possible through broadcasting and print technologies would pull the “developing” countries up to the level of their neighbors to the north. Their theories rested on the hypothesis that individual behavior changes, brought about by the messages of the mass media, and mediated by opinion leaders and literacy, would produce a modem political and economic actor. This actor would plant the right types of seed, use credit efficiently, voice political views and demands through the appropriate channels, and organize the institutions needed to push traditional societies over the threshold of modernity and into the twentieth century.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Emerging New Global Information and Communication Order and the Question of Cultural Ecology”, in North—South Information Culture: Trends in Global Communications and Research Paradigms, Luke Uka Uche, Ed., Nigeria: Longman Press, 1995, pp. 87-98.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Civil Society, Information Society, and Islamic Society”, in Information Society and Civil Society: Contemporary Perspectives on the Changing World Order, edited by Slavko Splichal, Andrew Calabrese, and Colin Sparks, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1994, pp. 208-232
Abstract: Any examination of contemporary society must recognize a central place for information and communication processes and for the technologies and institutions on which they rely, particularly for public communication. The essays in this volume juxtapose two central concepts of recent social and political thought — civil society and information society – and relate them to the complex nature of contemporary public communication. A number of authors, including several contributors to this collection, argue that on the eve of the twenty-first century, civil society is beginning to disintegrate everywhere. In this volume, fifteen scholars from ten different countries address that argument by problematizing the relation between the older concept, civil society, and the newer one, information society, and offering perspectives on future directions
Mowlana, Hamid. “Images and the Crisis of Political Legitimacy”, in The US. Media and the Middle East: Image and Perception, edited by Yahya R. Kamalipour, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994, pp. 3-15.
Abstract: This thought-provoking volume, experts explore the disturbing ramifications of portrayal of the Middle East by the U.S. media; analyze the stereotypes and misconceptions that Americans have of Arabs, Iranians, and other Middle Easterners; and discuss the far-reaching political and cultural impact of the United States on the Middle East. Focusing on the U.S. media (books, magazines, newspapers, motion pictures, television) coverage and portrayal of Arabs, Palestinians, the Intifada, Middle Eastern women, Iran, Islam, Turkey, and the Persian Gulf War, the book also examines the impact of motion picture classics on young children and the perceptions of American students relative to the Middle East
An image may be defined as a combinatorial construct whose subject is itself a collection of images in the individual memory of various aspects of reality. It is the totality of attributes that a person recognizes or imagines. Images are to varying degrees interdependent on one another. The structure of one is inferred or predicted from that of another; and change in one produces imbalance and, therefore, change in others. Images consist of affective, cognitive, and operational (action) components. The affective, or evaluative, component concerns the individual's liking or disliking of the image's focal object and is usually associated with approval or disapproval of its perceived, or cognitive, aspects. The cognitive component is the individual's view of the “inherent” characteristics of the object that he regards as existing independently of his own perception. An image's operational component, its associated response repertories, is more accurately defined as the behavioral effects of aggregate images, varying with the individual and the type of image involved.
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Research in the 21st Century: From Functionalism to Post-Modernism and Beyond”, in Mass Communication Research: On Problems and Policies, edited by Cees J. Hamelink and Olga Linné, Norwood, NJ : Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1994, pp. 353-368
Abstract: As we enter the last decade of the twentieth century. there seems to be growing interest in two fundamental areas of communication arts and sciences: a resurgence in the study of the philosophy of communication as evidenced by the number of publications and conference panels in this area; and a keen interest in new epistemological schools of thought and research methodologies beyond the “Ferment in the Field” (Miller, 1983) in which positive empiricism and critical theory were the only positions debated among the students of communication studies. Whereas the philosophy of communication is replacing transcendental philosophy as the prime concern of philosophical reflection, there is also a new interest in exploring new conduits of inquiries and fresh approaches to methodologies.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and Development: Everyone's Problem”, in Development (Social Change) Communication: Building Understanding and Creating Participation, edited by Andrew A. Moemeka, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993, pp. 15-36
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Networks and Socio-Cultural Change”, in Information Policy as Cultural Policy, edited by Heiner Schnelling, Monika Segbert, and Karl A. Stroetmann, Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheks institut, 1993, pp. 1 11-122.
Mowlana, Hamid. “New Global Order and Cultural Ecology”, in Beyond National Sovereignty: International Communication in the 1990s, edited by Kaarle Nordenstreng and Herbert I. Schiller, Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1993, pp. 394-417
Mowlana, Hamid. “From technology to culture”, in The Global Media Debate: Its Rise, Fall and Renewal (with George Gerbner and Kaarle Nordenstreng), Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1993.
Abstract: Two major developments have characterized the state of international communication and intercultural relations in the 19805. First, a new global information and communication order has been in the making over the last decade. The emerging order is fundamentally different in both substance and form from the one demanded two decades ago by the group of nonaligned nations and the Third World generally, known as NWICO (New World Information and Communication Order). It is the new order of the advanced industrialized nations which has evolved as a result of a number of economic, political, and technological developments which limited and blocked the original demands put forward by the Third World. Second, since the MacBride Commission Report (International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems) in 1980 the world also has witnessed a second fundamental development-a desire and indeed a quest for a new cultural order which goes beyond the simple notion of communication and information. This new discourse, which has a potential for a major international and global debate, makes communication and information concepts part of the broader notion of culture and social ecology.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Knowledge, perception and utilization of the declaration”, (with Howard H.frederick) in The Global Media Debate: Its Rise, Fall and Renewal (with George Gerbner and Kaarle Nordenstreng), Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1993.
Abstract: This chapter is based on a number of interviews conducted during visits in North and South America and in Europe, an open letter of inquiry sent to professional and research organizations around the world, and a survey of journalism educators. Although by no means rigorous or comprehensive, we believe that it provides a useful insight into certain aspects of the impact of the Declaration. Despite its worldwide significance, the Declaration and its unanimous support among member states is little known among media professionals. Nevertheless, it may have helped to sensitize certain sectors of world opinion about the role of media in international relations and issues of peace and war and human rights.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Civil Society, Information Society, and Islamic Society: A Comparative Perspective”, in Papers in Comparative Political Science, Vol. XVII, edited by Manuel J. Pelaez, Malaga and Barcelona: University of Malaga Press, 1992.
Abstract: As early as the late nineteenth century, the concept of civil society was propagated in the Islamic world, particularly in the Middle East, by the individuals who promoted the notion of modernization along the lines of Western institutions. The reductive refinement of the concepts of civil society and of the modern nation-state system was confronted with the Islamic notion of ummah (religiopolitical community), with the inseparability of politics and ethics and with the unity of spiritual and temporal powers, This confrontation has entangled Islamic countries in a crisis of legitimacy that has continued to the present time. This essay considers the concepts and evolutions of civil society, information society, and Islamic society in a historical and comparative context. It examines one of the most startling hypotheses of our time: that communication is environment, and that cultural, political, and economic changes may closely follow the march of information technology.
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication Research in the 21st Century: From Functionalism to Postmodernism and Beyond”, in Mass Communication Research: On Problems and Policies The Art of Asking Questions, edited by Cees J. Hamelink and Olga Linne, Norwood, New Jersey, Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1992, pp.353-368
Mowlana, Hamid. “New World Information and Communication Order: Overview of Recent Developments and Activities” (with Colleen Roach), in Few Voices, Many Worlds: Towards a Media Reform Movement, edited by Michael Traber and Kaarle Nordenstreng, London: World Association for Christian Communication Press, 1992, pp. 4-17
Abstract: During the 1970s, the movement for a New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)took shape primarily within two inter-governmental groupings: the Non-Aligned Movement and Unesco. One of the first major manifestations of the NWICO was the Mass Media Declaration of Unesco, adopted in 1978 (see document in this collection). In 1980, the significance of the movement was marked by the publication of an historic document: Many Voices, One World: Communication and Society, Today and Tomorrow, otherwise known as the MacBride Report. The sixteen members of the MacBride Commission – largely representative of the world's political, economic and geographic spectrum – had been asked to study no less than “the totality of communication problems in modern societies”. Although the members of the MacBride Commission held widely different opinions on the meaning of a NWICO, they were in agreement that the countries of the South were grossly disadvantaged by existing information relations.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Changing Nature of International Tourism and World Economy: Travel as a Window to the New International Relations”, (with Ginger Smith) in The American Express Company Annual Review of Travel International Essay Competition, March 1, 1992
Mowlana, Hamid. “Trends in Telecommunications and the Tourism Abstract: Industry: Coalitions, Regionalism, and lntemational Welfare Systems”, (with Ginger Smith) in World Travel and Tourism Review, Vol.2, edited by Frank Go, J.R. Brent Ritchie, Donald Hawkins, and Douglas Frechtling, Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International, 1992
Tourism represents one of today's major growth industries throughout the world and yet hitherto there has been a lack of consolidated data and literature providing an international review of the subject. This book attempts to remedy this deficiency by providing information and resources for academics, policy makers and practitioners, in the form of a blend of facts, descriptive analyses and predictions. It presents statistical data series, forecasts, trends analyses and support information on tourism in both the developed and developing world.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The United States and Islam: A Cultural Clash?” in Zeitschrift fur Kulturaustausch, Bonn, Germany, 1992/4, pp. 435-439
Abstract: When the United States ambassador, April C. Glaspie, met with Saddam Hussein before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August of 1991,it was reported that she had told him, “We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait”. Ms. Glaspie later disputed this statement, insisting that she had made clear to Saddam Hussein, “that we would insist on settlements being made in a nonviolent manner, not by threats, not by intimidation, and certainly not by aggression”. Yet regardless of whatever words were actually spoken, Ms. Glaspie's presentation of the United States' foreign policy to Saddam Hussein was portrayed by the American media, and by other sources around the world, as a serious blunder, whereby Iraq was encouraged to attack Kuwait, because it was under the impression that the United States would not react negatively to such an invasion. The fact that such a terrible misunderstanding could have come about was attributed by the media to a “cultural clash” between the United States and Iraq, in which a secularized United States and Islamic Iraq were communicating on different levels, and as a result neither one could comprehend or predict what the other would do.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Roots of war: the long road of intervention”, in Triumph of the Image: The Media ’s War in the Persian Gulf (edited with George Gerbner and Herbert I. Schiller), Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1992.
Abstract: THE PERSIAN GULF WAR underlines three major developments that have characterized the relationship between the communication media and international relations and that have been in the making since World War I:
1. A trend toward media adherence to norms of the state, particularly the superpowers and the global economic and political order thus, international media functioning as major proponents and defenders of the status quo.
2. The rise of a neo-Clausewitzian philosophy of war in which mobilization of world public opinion and manipulation of public support have shifted from the national level and those directly involved with the conflict to the global level as total propaganda becomes a prerequisite for the conduct of modern international warfare.
3. The decline of traditional democratic institutions and the merging of two discrete sources of power and influence-the media and government-into one as public communication channels gradually cease to be watchdogs and fail to play their perceived adversarial roles with officialdom.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Opposition Media Outside National Boundaries: From Constitutionalism to the Islamic Revolution”, in Iranian Refugees and Exiles Since Khomeini, edited by Asghar Fathi, Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1991, pp. 37-54
Abstract: In contemporary history and in the modern era of “mass” communication, the opposition media outside of a given country usually have performed four major functions:
· Organization and Mobilization
· Information and Propaganda
· Ideology and Mythology
· Evaluation and Self-Criticism.
These functions are characteristics of the historical growth of opposition media and of the way in which these media have been utilized within a given social and political milieu.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Tourism as International Relations: Linkages Between Telecommunications Technology and Transnational Banking” (with Ginger Smith), in World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators, Trends and Forecasts, Vol. I, edited by Donald E. Hawkins, J.R. Ritchie, Frank Go, and Douglas Frechtling, Oxford: C.A.B. International, 1991, pp. 215-218
Abstract: The inaugural edition of the World Travel and Tourism Review is the first of a series of annual publications designed to provide comprehensive information for tourism policy makers, practitioners and academics. It seeks to do so through a blend of facts, descriptive analyses, predictions and interpretations of information which are relevant to both the developed and the developing world. The first issue has three main components. Firstly, it provides basis statistics, both globally and for many countries around the world. Secondly, it provides important trend analyses related to key tourism phenomena. Finally, it contains a special report on the major policy issues currently facing the tourist industry. These issues emerged from a three – day Tourism Policy Forum held at the George Washington University, USA in November 1990. Among the issues covered are sustainable tourism development for the Third World; regional tourism policy concerns; air transport services and the GATT; and human resource issues in tourism.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and International Relations”, in Culture and International Relations, edited by Jongsuk Chay, New York: Praeger, 1990, pp. 223-237
Abstract: The expanding means of communication and the concomitant information explosion have brought us into a new era in which knowledge of international and intercultural communication is a prerequisite for understanding interactions among peoples and nations. Since World War II, and especially over the last two decades, increasingly, political, economic, military, and cultural relations in the world have come to depend on the transnational flow of information. This major stream of international communication, which has been greatly facilitated and enhanced by new communication technologies, has been employed as a major means by which powerful national and international systems radiate out and attempt to extend themselves globally. These expanding economic, political, and cultural systems do not, of course, operate in a vacuum; they are protected by powerful military shields which also operate on a global basis and are equally dependent on information technologies, Thus, the study of international communication has become a focus for debate on such issues as global conflict and cooperation, cultural autonomy, national sovereignty, and international development.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Objectives and Aims of Tabligh from the Islamic Viewpoint: Toward A Theory of Communication and Ethics”, in Public Law and Comparative Political Science, Vol. XVI, edited by Manuel J. Palaez on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Ferran Valls Is Tabcrner, a Catalan professor and political writer, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Malaga Press, Malaga and Barcelonia, Spain, 1990, pp. 4627-2642
Abstract: This paper represents an attempt to evaluate the Islamic implications of our knowledge of the dynamics of communication ecology. A number-of concepts have been. introduced and examined in order to understand the phenomenon of communication and ethics in an Islamic context. It was shown that Muslim thinkers and philosophers throughout history not only recognized the importance of tabligh and ethics in determining the cultural profile of the Islamic civilization but also regarded the propitious equilibrium of spatial and temporal biases in Islam as an established fact.
Over the last century, however, and especially during the last four decades, a dualism and contradiction has been created within the Islamic countries as a result of the introduction of the secular nationalist framework and the accompanying new concepts and methods of tabligh and ethics.
A crisis of legitimacy has been created as a result of a conflict between the “official culture” of the ruling elites, which in many cases now represents and promotes Western influence, and the “traditional Islamic culture” of the masses rooted in centuries of religio-political and socio-ethical experience.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Tourism, Telecommunications and Transnational Banking: A Framework for Policy Analysis, (with Ginger Smith)” in Tourism Management, Vol. ll, No.4, edited by Frank Go and J .R.B. Richie, Kingsway, ’ London, 1990, pp.3 15-324.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication, Ethics, and the Islamic Tradition”, in Communication, Ethics, and Global Change, edited by Thomas W. Cooper, with Clifford G. Christians, Frances Forde Plude, and Robert A. White, White Plains, NY: Longman, 1989
Abstract: This volume addresses the topic of ethics on an international scale. Written by scholars from six continents and 14 countries, this collection offers a perspective on the political, methodological, technological and comparative views of nations towards ethical codes for their mass media. It describes the gulfs that separate – and the bridges that relate – conceptions of media ethics for nations ranging from Australia to Peru, Nigeria to the Soviet Union. It includes international references, bibliographies, and codes of ethics, and also offers a topical introduction orienting general readers to the field.
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication”, and “International Organizations”, in International Encyclopedia of Communication, Vol. 2, edited by Eric Barnouw, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
Abstract: Many aspects of the activities of international organizations involve political, economic, and cultural -as well as bureaucratic and organizational bargaining, which can best be described as international political discourse (see political communication). In addition, states often use international organizations as part of their own policies to advance their economic and political preferences. In general, cooperation and problem solving among states have been more extensive in the technical, regulatory, and cultural areas of international communication than in the political and economic aspects of the field.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Media and Communication Systems”, in The Middle East Handbook, edited by Michael Adams, New York: Facts on File Publications, 1989
Abstract: This volume provides incisive essays by 30 expert contributors on the demographics, politics, religions, culture, current events and relevant history of this fascinating region. Offers a well-balanced editorial insight into this volatile leave them. Contains maps, tables and charts. Adams was the Guardian correspondent in the Middle East for 25 years and is currently Director of the Council for Arab/British Understanding.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication, Legitimacy, and Revolution: A Study of Opposition Media Outside National Boundaries”, in Mass Communication and Cultural Identity, Vol. 2, edited by Manuel Pares i Maicas, Barcelona: Barcelona University Press, 1988
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Middle East” (with Ibrahim Al-Muhanna), in Global Guide to Media and Communications, edited by John Lent, Munchen-London: K.G. Saur Publishing, l987
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication for Political Change: The Iranian Revolution”, in World Communications: A Handbook, edited by George Gerbner and Marsha Siefert, New York: Longman, Inc., 1984
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication, World Order, and the Human Potential”, and “The Role of the Media in the U.S.- Iranian Conflict”, in The News Media in National and International Conflict, edited by Andrew Arno and Wimal Dissanayake, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984
Mowlana, Hamid. “Needed: A New World Information Order”, in Readings in Cross-Cultural Communication, edited by . Gary Weaver, Lexington, MA: Girnn Custom Publishing, 1984.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Media and Culture: Toward an Integrated Theory”, in Intercultural Communication Theory: Current Perspectives, edited by William B. Gudykunst, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983
Abstract: The emphasis of this chapter is on the theoretical and analytical bases focused on the phenomena of mass media culture. After an examination of the range and definition of phenomena, an attempt is made to lay foundation for an identification, classification, and critical evaluation of major approaches, theories, concepts, and propositions, paying particular attention to problems of analytical integration within the field of study and to problems of interdisciplinary contributions and coherence. finally, a framework of analysis called “toward an integrative theory of mass media and culture” is outlined.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Prepared Statement on UNESCO and the World Information and Communication Order”, and reprints of two articles, “Technology versus Tradition: Communication in the Iranian Revolution”, and “Typewriter-Ambassadors: Explaining America to the World”, in Review of US Participation in UNESCO, Hearings and Markup before the Subcommittees on International Operations and on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Seventh Congress, First Session on H. Res. 142, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, l 982.
Abstract: The basic thought of the prepared statement is that the growth of technology is not necessarily increasing the access of all peoples to information, nationally or internationally. On the contrary; there is a disparity between the rich and the poor. The New World Information Order, as the Third World countries see it, is a remedy for this situation. underlying the positions of the Third World countries are the important assumptions that the New International Economic Order is related to the New World Information Order, not independent of it; that news and information must be' understood as social goods and cultural products, not as a material commodities or neutral merchandise; and that the debate currently underway is not over one single issue but it is related to the entire structure of world communication resources. The Third World demands include a more equal distribution of the world's limited radio frequencies, reduced international postal rates for magazines, books and newspapers, less restrictive copyright laws, protection against possible direct broadcast satellites, termination of unauthorized Landsat satellite surveillance of their crops and countries, and a rejection of the attitude that media are commercial products rather than instruments for development, integration, and nation building.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Political and Social Implications of Communications Satellite Applications in Developed and Developing Countries”, in Economic and Policy Problems in Satellite Communications, edited by Joseph N. Pelton and ,Marcellus S. Snow, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977
Abstract: That technology is, in fact, politically neutral is myth . The assumption in this paper is that technology plays a political role in contemporary Society, a role intimately related to the distribution of power and the exercise of political , social, and economic controls.
T'hus, technological development, including the development of communications satellite technology, is essentially a political process. This paper seeks to assess some political and social implications of communications satellite applications. The theoretical underpinnings of this analysis can be outlined in the following manner. First, it is assumed that politics can be defined as a particular type of information exchange and that information Is a resource convertible to political power. Thus, in this process , there is a direct linkage between information and politics. Second, international and national systems are going through a profound change as a result of the current technical revolution in Information exchange and communications. Indeed these technical innovations appear to be creating the conditions that may lead to a “perceptual” revolution-a type of revolution from which political and social institutions will not be immune.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy”, and “Political and Social Implications of Communications Satellite”, in Intercultural Communication, edited by Michael H. Prosser, Washington, DC: International Communication Agency, 1977
Abstract: This paper is written to describe our notion of public opinion. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary that we know what constitutes a public and an opinion. On this basis, a definition or perhaps more precisely, a description of the notion of public opinion may be formulated. Publics, the first component of public opinion, are large groups. These groups may be characteristically political, social, or cultural. A public is not a formal organization or association, rather it tends to be a relatively loose (free) association of individuals who subscribe to a similar point of view with regard to an issue or lifestyle. The members of such groups (collectivities) have a sense of belonging similar to the sense of esprit de corps which members of a society or nation possess.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Satellite Technology and International Relations”, in Communication Yearbook I, edited by Brent D. Rubent, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1977
Abstract: The Communication Yearbook annuals publish diverse, state-of-the-discipline literature reviews that advance knowledge and understanding of communication systems, processes, and impacts across the discipline. Topics dealt with in this volume, originally published in 1977 include Communication as Process, Research Methodology in Communication, Communication Effects, Taxonomy of Communication and European Communication Theory.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Trends in Middle Eastern Societies”, in Mass Media Policies in Changing Cultures, edited by George Gerbner, New York: John Wiley, 1977
Mowlana, Hamid. “A Paradigm for Comparative Mass Media Analysis”, in International and Intercultural Communication, edited by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer and John C. Merrill, New York: Hastings House, 1976.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Grassroots Gatekeepers: Communication Science Focuses Upon Drug Education” (with Donald Day) in Communication and Drug Education, edited by Ronald Osman, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1976
Abstract: This chapter examines this vital transfer of information via Grassroots, a monthly reprint service to the drug education community bringing journal articles, government documents, and counterculture reports to a diverse readership. Grassroots here is evaluated in depth from editorial, content, and impact perspectives. Interviews and quantified content analysis were employed in defining its character and estimating its value to the drug education field. It is not surprising, then, that attention has concentrated in two key areas: (1) the selection (gatekeeping) decisions of mass communicators; and (2) the diffusion of news and information. Diffusion studies have. centered especially upon the so-called two-step flow direction of information flow from media-to leaders- to the masses. The content and diffusion process of such specialized channels thus becomes an important index of dominant social meaning, and quite often is a reflection of values and of educational processes under way.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Ethnic Mobilization and Communication Theory” (with Ann E. Robinson), in Ethnicity in an International Context, edited by Abdul A. Said and Luis R. Simmons, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1976
Abstract: Today's popular ethnic TV idols may reflect the society but do not explain it. In the process of this communication we can identify the actors and communicators, describe the message, yet certainly know little or nothing about its effect. Is it congruent with an assimilation and nation-building process, or is it part of a re ethnicization phenomenon? Certainly, something is happening and it may well be a new meaning of Americanness, but we know little about it. An introduction to the function of mass communication in nation building and in ethnic mobilization now seems appropriate. The transmission of culture is one of the main functions of mass communication and is a basic communication activity. In the functional analysis, any communication affects one or more of four targets: society, the individual, subgroups, and the cultural system. The transmission of culture through mass media performs different functions and dysfunctions at all levels. The functions performed for society are increasing social cohesion, widening the base of common norms and experiences, reducing anomie, and continuing education by reaching adults after they have left school. The dysfunction performed is the augmenting of “mass” society. To the individual the functions of mass communication are aiding integration by exposure to mass norms, reducing idiosyncrasy, and reducing anomie. The dysfunction is that it depersonalizes acts of socialization. The functions performed for the subgroups are that It extends power and acts as an agent for socialization. For the culture the function is the standardization and maintenance of cultural consensus and as a dysfunction it reduces the variety of subcultures.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communication and National Objectives in Development”, and “International News Communicators: A Cross—Cultural Analysis”, in Mass Communication in Mexico, edited by Richard Cole and Albert L. Hester, Brookings, SD: International Communication Division, Association for Education in Journalism, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, South Dakota State University, 1975.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Multinational Corporations and the Diffusion of Technology”, in The New Sovereigns: Multinational Corporations as World Powers, edited by Abdul A. Said and Luiz R. Simmons, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975
Abstract: In order to examine the international diffusion of technology it is useful to take into account the alternative channels through which it is available. Within a given entity or state (for example, a given country, as shown in Figure I), a certain level of technology exists. This level includes the products (the technological innovations) and the “environment” that leads to the invention of the product (the scientific research, the ideas and concepts it generates). 'When we speak of diffusion of “technology”, we are speaking not only of the diffusion of a specific product but also of the diffusion of the ideas and concepts behind that product. Considering the MNC as the channel of diffusion of technology, the Bow of information or goods can go in either direction, as shown in the model, However, it tends to be unidirectional from the country having the more advanced technological state to the country having the less developed state of technology. The frequency of such communications and the degree of clustering of communications over various areas (industries) are aspects not to be ignored.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Communication, Elite and National Systems in the Middle East”, in Der Anteil Der Massenmedien Bei Der Herausbildung Des Bewubtseins In Der Sich Wandelnden Welt (Proceedings of the IXth General Assembly and Scientific Conference of the International Association for Mass Communication Research), Leipzig: Karl Marx University Press, 1974
Abstract: for more than a century, mass media in the middle east have been considered phenomena imported from the west; products, so to speak, of the impact of the west upon the middle east. to a large degree, this image persists in the minds of middle easterners: mass media never have been “export” commodities. Importation of mass media usually has occurred on two levels:/1/via communication technology through introduction of the printing press, telegraph, telephone, radio and television: and/2/via their content various form of nationalism, modernization, ideology, news and (most recently) entertainment. each level has stimulated growth of the other, and although communication content has come to reflect indigenous cultures, the influx of western technology has remained unabated. In borrowing western military, transportation commercial and communication technology, the middle east allowed – and at times welcomed – penetration by Europe and (later) the united states. to the invading corps of political ambassadors and military experts were added church missionaries and others of a more educational and media character who established printing presses, newspapers educational institutions, and marketing organizations. although the printing press had been introduced into the middle east as early as the fourth decade of the 17th century, it was not until the 19th century that print media were distributed widely among urban populations.
in the middle east in general, we can observe two distinct characteristics of the mass communication process:/1/ that intermediary channels, some of which have mass and organizational parameters, act as filtering agents between modern / conventional mass media and individuals; and/2/ that the task of supplying, opinion leaders, with information which they disseminate in face-to-face communication is performed by both mass media and those traditional intermediary channels.
Mowlana, Hamid. “The Politics of Opium in Iran: A Social-Psychological Interface”, in Drugs, Politics and Diplomacy: The International Connection, edited by Luiz R. Simmons and Abdul A. Said, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1974.
Abstract: To all my zealous, opium-eating, Muslim brethren I now proclaim the possibility of breaking the opium-habit, thus. First, they must be firmly determined and resolved on abandoning it. Secondly, one who, for example, eats two mithgals (Persian unit of measurement] of opium daily should every day diminish this dose by a grain [nukhud] and add two grains of morphine in its stead … great and eminent men who wish to make people forget some evil habit act in precisely this way. Thus wrote Ali Akbar Deh-khoda known as Dakhow, the greatest contemporary Persian linguist and philologist, in his revolutionary political satire of this century. Deh-khoda was not speaking of opium; nor was he speaking of politics alone. He was echoing the intermingling of the two-the opium politics which so rightly describes the functional interconnection of the political and social behavior of Iran at the turn of the century.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Mass Media Systems and Communication Behavior”, in The Middle East: A Handbook, edited by Michael Adams, London: Anthony Blond Ltd., 1971
Abstract: This volume provides incisive essays by 30 expert contributors on the demographics, politics, religions, culture, current events and relevant history of this fascinating region. Offers a well-balanced editorial insight into this volatile leave them. Contains maps, tables and charts. Adams was the Guardian correspondent in the Middle East for 25 years and is currently Director of the Council for Arab/British Understanding.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Vietnam Veterans Against the War: A Profile Study of the Dissenters” (with Paul H. Geffert), in The New Soldier, edited by David Thorne and George Butler, New York: The Macmillan Co., 1971
Abstract: The New Soldier was published as both a hard and soft cover book in October, 1971, by Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Principally a photographic essay accompanied by text, the work was edited by David Thorne and George Butler, with a section written by John Kerry. The work includes photographs captured by many photographers across five days in April, 1971.
The New Soldier documents what VVAW called Operation Dewey Canyon III. This pseudo-operation, “a limited incursion into the country of Congress”, was basically a series of demonstrations, marches and street theatre designed to protest US involvement in the war in Vietnam. In one activity, Vietnam War combat veterans, wearing uniforms and carrying unloaded weapons, enacted for astonished visitors to Washington, DC, the actions common to descending upon and sweeping a Vietnamese village for enemy combatants. This theatre was performed on Constitution Mall, under heavy police supervision. This was only one of several events participated in by hundreds of Vietnam Veterans and not a few Gold Star Mothers from across the country.
The New Soldier documents two events of emotional significance. In one, war veterans queue up in a long line to return their medals and decorations to the U.S. government. They hurled them upon the steps of Congress. This was a shocking scene on American television.
A second event was a worship service held at the main gate to Arlington National Cemetery. The desire had been to hold the service on the actual hallowed grounds but the Vietnam Veteran demonstrators were locked out of Arlington. Marines guarded the gates with loaded weapons and kept them pointed outward. The worship service had to be conducted with the clergyman's back to those Marines. To some readers, a shortcoming of The New Soldier is that the words spoken by this Vietnam War battlefield chaplain, a United Methodist clergyman, were not included in the volume. That sermonette has not been lost to American history (see link below).
The book contains excerpts of testimony by veterans at the Winter Soldier Investigation on war crimes committed during the Vietnam War and a portion of the Fulbright Hearing testimony given by John Kerry to the Senate committee.
The New Soldier documents a most unusual event in American history: returned veterans of a foreign war appearing en masse in the nation's capital to demand that the war be stopped. Only 5000 copies of the book were printed, consequently, the book is considered a collector's item.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Cross-National Comparison of Economic Journalism”, in International Communication: Media, Channels, Functions, edited by Heinz-Deitrich Fischer and John C. Merrill, New York: Hastings House, 1970
Mowlana, Hamid. “International Communication: Instructional Methods and Approaches”, in International Communication as a Field of Study, edited by James Markham, Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1970
Abstract: The professor of international communication is likely to find that many of his problems are derived from the relative newness of his field. The increasing detachment of international communication from its parent disciplines to become a field in its own, is depriving the teacher of the use of systematic analytic frameworks borrowed from other fields such as anthropology, psychology, or international relations for the study and comprehension of international communication. There has not been sufficient time and experience to permit the formation of an analytic framework which can identify and define the central concepts and foundations, or precisely limit the scope of the field. Rather there exists a collection of diverse perspectives which try to order a vast system with nebulous boundaries.
Mowlana, Hamid. “Communications Media in Africa: A Critique in Retrospect and Prospect”, in Expanding Horizons in African Studies, edited by Gwendolen M. Carter and Ann Paden, Evanston, IL: Northwestem University Press, 1969
Abstract: The mass media, as they come to the emerging African nations, are regarded by some to be “the great hope of democracy”, while others consider the press, radio, and television to be “insidious devices that would capture and enslave helpless masses”. ۱There is no right or wrong to these opposing viewpoints-the facts of media development in Africa can argue for both. There is general agreement, however, that improvement of mass communications in Africa is imperative. This paper will review the state of the mass media in sub-Saharan Africa today, exploring its general development and pointing out significant gaps in this progress. The predominantly Arab countries of North Africa have experienced different patterns of development and so are not considered in this paper. With adequate and effective communication the pathways to change can be made easier and shorter. A developing nation must have an adequate flow of information if it is to educate its people and modernize its economy. Communication is a basic element in the process of change, and the communications media have a vital role to play in economic and social development and in the building of nation-states and social institutions.